Iyi nkuru yanditswe na Wenzhou Tianyu Electronic Co., Ltd. isobanura ibyo ugomba kwitaho mu gihe ugena ibyuma bikoreshwa mu gusudira ibyuma bitagira umugese.
Ubushobozi butuma icyuma kitagira umugese gikurura cyane - ubushobozi bwo guhindura imiterere yacyo ya mekanike no kurwanya ingese no gushonga - nabyo byongera imiterere yo guhitamo icyuma gikwiye cyo gusudira. Ku mvange iyo ari yo yose y'ibikoresho by'ibanze, ubwoko ubwo aribwo bwose bwa electrode bushobora kuba bukwiye, bitewe n'ibibazo by'ikiguzi, imiterere ya serivisi, imiterere ya mekanike ikenewe hamwe n'ibibazo byinshi bijyanye no gusudira.
Iyi nkuru itanga amakuru akenewe mu bya tekiniki kugira ngo umusomyi asobanukirwe uburyo ingingo igoye ikoreshwa, hanyuma agasubiza bimwe mu bibazo bikunze kubazwa n'abatanga ibikoresho by'ibyuma. Ishyiraho amabwiriza rusange yo guhitamo ibyuma bikwiye by'ibyuma bitagira umugese - hanyuma igasobanura ibitandukanye n'ayo mabwiriza! Iyi nkuru ntabwo ivuga ku buryo bwo gusudira, kuko iyo ari ingingo y'indi ngingo.
Ibyiciro bine, ibintu byinshi byo guteranya
Hari ibyiciro bine by'ingenzi by'ibyuma bitagira umugese:
austenitic
martensitic
ubushyuhe
Duplex
Amazina akomoka ku miterere ya kristu y'icyuma gisanzwe kiboneka ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba. Iyo icyuma gifite karuboni nke gishyushye hejuru ya dogere selisiyusi 912, atome z'icyuma zisubirwamo kuva ku miterere yitwa ferrite ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba zikajya ku miterere ya kristu yitwa austenite. Iyo bikonje, atome zisubira ku miterere yazo ya mbere, ferrite. Imiterere y'ubushyuhe bwinshi, austenite, ntabwo ari pulasitiki, kandi ifite imbaraga nke kandi ifite ubushobozi bwo kugenda neza kurusha ferrite mu bushyuhe bw'icyumba.
Iyo chromium irenga 16% yongewe mu cyuma, imiterere ya crystalline y'ubushyuhe bw'icyumba, ferrite, irakomera kandi icyuma kiguma mu mimerere ya ferritic mu bushyuhe bwose. Bityo izina ferritic stainless steel rikoreshwa kuri iyi alloy base. Iyo chromium irenga 17% na nikeli 7% byongewe mu cyuma, imiterere ya crystalline y'icyuma, austenite, irakomera ku buryo iguma mu bushyuhe bwose kuva ku bushyuhe bwo hasi cyane kugeza hafi gushonga.
Ibyuma bita "stainless steel" bya Austenitic bikunze kwitwa ubwoko bwa "chrome-nickel", naho ibyuma bya martensitic na ferritic bikunze kwitwa ubwoko bwa "straight chrome". Ibintu bimwe na bimwe bikoreshwa mu byuma bita "stainless steel" n'ibyuma bita "weld metal" bikora nk'ibikomeza "austenite" n'ibindi nka "ferrite stabilizers". Ibikomeza "austenite" by'ingenzi ni nikeli, karuboni, manganese na azote. Ibikomeza "ferrite stabilizers" ni chromium, silicon, molybdenum na niobium. Kuringaniza ibintu bigabanya "alloying elements" bigenzura ingano ya ferrite mu byuma bita "weld metal".
Amanota ya Austenitike asukwa byoroshye kandi bishimishije kurusha ayo arimo nikeli iri munsi ya 5%. Imirongo isukwa ikorwa mu byuma bitagira umugese bya austenitike irakomeye, irahindagurika kandi irakomeye mu gihe isukwa. Ubusanzwe ntabwo ikenera gushyushya mbere cyangwa gushyushya nyuma yo gusukwa. Amanota ya Austenitike agize hafi 80% by'ibyuma bitagira umugese byasukwa, kandi iyi nkuru y'ibanze yibanda cyane kuri byo.
Imbonerahamwe ya 1: Ubwoko bw'ibyuma bitangiza ibyuma n'ingano yabyo ya chromium na nikeli.
tstart{c,80%}
thead{Ubwoko|% Chromium|% Nickel|Ubwoko}
tdata{Austenitic|16 - 30%|8 - 40%|200, 300}
tdata{Martensitic|11 - 18%|0 - 5%|403, 410, 416, 420}
tdata{Ferritic|11 - 30%|0 - 4%|405, 409, 430, 422, 446}
tdata{Duplex|18 - 28%|4 - 8%|2205}
gutega{}
Uburyo bwo guhitamo icyuma gikoresha ibyuma bitagira umugese gikwiye
Niba ibikoresho by'ibanze mu byapa byombi ari bimwe, ihame ry'ibanze ryakoreshwaga ryari iri, 'Tangira uhuze ibikoresho by'ibanze.' Ibyo bikora neza mu bihe bimwe na bimwe; kugira ngo winjize Ubwoko bwa 310 cyangwa 316, hitamo Ubwoko bw'ibyiza bihuye.
Kugira ngo uhuze ibikoresho bitandukanye, kurikiza iri hame riyobora: 'hitamo icyuma gihuza n'ibikoresho byavanze cyane.' Kugira ngo uhuze 304 na 316, hitamo icyuma gihuza 316.
Ikibabaje ni uko 'itegeko ryo guhuza' rifite byinshi bidasanzwe ku buryo ihame ryiza ari iri, Reba imbonerahamwe yo guhitamo ibyuma byuzuza. Urugero, Ubwoko bwa 304 ni bwo bukoreshwa cyane mu byuma bidashonga, ariko nta muntu utanga electrode ya Ubwoko bwa 304.
Uburyo bwo gusudira ubwoko bwa 304 butarimo amashanyarazi nta electrode ya 304 ikoreshejwe
Kugira ngo usuke ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa 304 bita "stainless", koresha "filler" ya Type 308, kuko ibindi bintu byo gushyiramo ibikoresho mu bwoko bwa 308 bizafasha cyane agace k'ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa "sudden".
Ariko, 308L nayo ni icyuma cyuzuza gikwiye. Inyuguti ya 'L' nyuma y'ubwoko ubwo aribwo bwose igaragaza ko karuboni nkeya. Ifu ya karuboni yo mu bwoko bwa 3XXL ifite 0.03% cyangwa munsi yayo, mu gihe ifu ya karuboni yo mu bwoko bwa 3XX isanzwe ishobora kugira 0.08%.
Kubera ko icyuma gitunganya ubwoko bwa L kiri mu cyiciro kimwe n’ikintu kitari icya L, abakora ibikoresho bashobora, kandi bagomba kubitekerezaho cyane, bakoresheje icyuma gitunganya ubwoko bwa L kuko ingano nto ya karuboni igabanya ibyago byo kwangirika hagati y’udusimba. Mu by’ukuri, abanditsi bemeza ko icyuma gitunganya ubwoko bwa L cyakoreshwa cyane iyo abakora ibikoresho bavugurura uburyo bwabo.
Abakora ibikoresho bakoresheje uburyo bwa GMAW bashobora kandi gutekereza gukoresha uburyo bwo kongereraho silikoni ibintu birushaho kuba byiza. Mu gihe ubwo budodo bufite inkingi ndende cyangwa ishaje, cyangwa aho ikidendezi cy’ubudodo kidafatana neza ku mano y’agace k’ubudodo cyangwa agace k’ubudodo, gukoresha electrode ya Si Type GMAW bishobora koroshya ubwo budodo kandi bigatuma burushaho guterana neza.
Niba imvura ya karubide itera impungenge, tekereza ku cyuzuzo cya Type 347, kirimo niobium nkeya.
Uburyo bwo gusudira icyuma kitagira umugese mu cyuma cya karuboni
Ibi bibaho mu bikorwa aho igice kimwe cy’inyubako gisaba ubuso bw’inyuma budashobora kwangirika bufatanye n’icyuma cya karuboni kugira ngo bigabanye ikiguzi. Mu gihe uhuza ibikoresho by’ibanze bidafite ibintu bivangavanga n’ibikoresho by’ibanze bifite ibintu bivangavanga, koresha icyuma gifunganye cyane kugira ngo icyuma gifunganye cyangwa gifatanye cyane kurusha icyuma gifunganye.
Kugira ngo uhuze icyuma cya karuboni n'ubwoko bwa 304 cyangwa 316, ndetse no guhuza ibyuma bitameze neza bisa, tekereza kuri electrode ya 309L ku bikorwa byinshi. Niba wifuza ko Cr iri hejuru, tekereza kuri 312.
Nk’icyitonderwa, ibyuma bitagira umugese bya austenitic bigaragaza igipimo cyo kwaguka kiruta hafi 50% cy’icyuma cya karuboni. Iyo bifatanye, igipimo gitandukanye cyo kwaguka gishobora gutera gucika bitewe n’imbaraga z’imbere keretse hakoreshejwe uburyo bukwiye bwo gusudira no gukoresha electrode.
Koresha uburyo bwo gusukura bukwiye bwo gutegura ubushude
Kimwe n'ibindi byuma, banza ukureho amavuta, amavuta, ibimenyetso n'umwanda ukoresheje umuti utarimo chlorine. Nyuma y'ibyo, itegeko ry'ibanze ryo gutegura ibikoresho byo gusudira bitanduye ni 'Irinde kwanduzwa n'icyuma cya karuboni kugira ngo wirinde kwangirika.' Amasosiyete amwe akoresha inyubako zitandukanye nk'aho ari 'ububiko bwabo butagira umwanda' na 'ububiko bwa karuboni' kugira ngo hirindwe kwanduzwa.
Shyiraho amapine yo gusya n'uburoso butagira umushongi nk '"ubusa gusa" mu gutegura impande zo gusudira. Hari uburyo bwo gusukura santimetero eshanu uvuye ku ngingo. Gutegura ingingo nabyo ni ingenzi cyane, kuko kwishyura ibitajyanye no gukoresha electrode bigoye kuruta gukoresha icyuma cya karuboni.
Koresha uburyo bwiza bwo gusukura nyuma yo gusudira kugira ngo wirinde ingese
Kugira ngo utangire, ibuka ikintu gituma icyuma gikingira kitagira umugese kitagira umugese: uburyo chromium ikorana na ogisijeni ikora urwego rwo kurinda chromium okiside ku buso bw'ikintu. Ingese zitagira umugese ziterwa n'imvura ya karubide (reba hepfo) kandi kubera ko inzira yo gusudira ishyushya icyuma cyo gusudira kugeza aho ferritic okiside ishobora gushingwa ku buso bw'icyuma cyo gusudira. Iyo isigaye mu buryo bwasutswe, isudi yuzuye neza ishobora kwerekana 'inzira z'igare ry'ingese' ku mbibi z'agace kagizweho ingaruka n'ubushyuhe mu masaha atarenze 24.
Kugira ngo urwego rushya rwa chromium oxide nziza rushobore guhinduka neza, icyuma kitagira umusururu gisaba gusukurwa nyuma yo gusukurwa hakoreshejwe gusiga irangi, gusya, gusya cyangwa koza. Nanone, koresha imashini zisya n'uburoso byagenewe uwo murimo.
Kuki insinga zo gusudira ibyuma bitagira umugese ari magnetiki?
Icyuma cya austenitic cyuzuye ntabwo gikoresha ingufu za rukuruzi. Ariko, ubushyuhe bwo gusudira butuma habaho ingano nini mu miterere y’icyuma, bigatuma icyuma gisudira kidakoresha ingufu za rukuruzi. Kugira ngo bagabanye ubushobozi bwo gushyuha, abakora electrode bongeramo ibintu bivangavanze, harimo na ferrite. Icyiciro cya ferrite gituma ingano za austenitic ziba nziza cyane, bityo icyuma gisudira kirushaho kudakoresha ingufu za rukuruzi.
Isumaku ntizafata ku gacupa k'icyuma gifunga ...
Ingano ikwiye ya ferrite muri electrode iterwa n'ubushyuhe bw'ikoreshwa ryayo. Urugero, ferrite nyinshi ituma isudira itakaza ubukomere bwayo mu bushyuhe buke. Bityo, icyuma cyo mu bwoko bwa 308 cyo gukoresha imiyoboro ya LNG gifite umubare wa ferrite uri hagati ya 3 na 6, ugereranije n'umubare wa ferrite wa 8 wo gukoresha icyuma gisanzwe cya 308. Muri make, ibyuma byo mu bwoko bwa ferrite bishobora gusa nkaho bisa mu ntangiriro, ariko itandukaniro rito mu miterere yabyo ni ingenzi.
Ese hari uburyo bworoshye bwo gusudira ibyuma bitagira umugese bibiri?
Ubusanzwe, ibyuma bitagira umushongi bibiri bifite imiterere mito igizwe na ferrite ingana na 50% na austenite ingana na 50%. Mu magambo make, ferrite itanga imbaraga nyinshi kandi irwanya kwangirika kw'ingufu mu gihe austenite itanga ubukomere bwiza. Ibyiciro bibiri hamwe biha ibyuma bitagira umushongi bibiri imiterere myiza. Hari ubwoko bwinshi bw'ibyuma bitagira umushongi bibiri, ibisanzwe cyane ni ubwoko bwa 2205; ibi birimo 22% bya chromium, 5% bya nikeli, 3% bya molybdenum na azote ingana na 0.15%.
Mu gusudira ibyuma bitagira umugozi bibiri, ibibazo bishobora kuvuka iyo icyuma cyo gusudira gifite ferrite nyinshi cyane (ubushyuhe buva kuri arc butuma atome zishyira hamwe muri matrix ya ferrite). Kugira ngo bibe byakwishyurwa, ibyuma byo gusudira bigomba guteza imbere imiterere ya austenitic ifite ingano nyinshi ya alloy, ubusanzwe nikeli iri hejuru ya 2 kugeza kuri 4% kurusha iyo mu cyuma cy'ibanze. Urugero, insinga zikozwe mu ruziga zo gusudira Ubwoko bwa 2205 zishobora kuba zifite nikeli 8.85%.
Ingano ya ferrite ikenewe ishobora kuva kuri 25 kugeza kuri 55% nyuma yo gusudira (ariko ishobora kuba iri hejuru). Menya ko igipimo cyo gukonjesha kigomba kuba gito bihagije kugira ngo austenite ihinduke, ariko ntigitinde cyane ku buryo cyakora ibyiciro hagati y’ibyuma, cyangwa ngo kivugurure cyane ku buryo cyakora ferrite nyinshi mu gace kagizweho ingaruka n’ubushyuhe. Kurikiza inzira zisabwa n’uwakoze iyo mirimo yo gusudira no gukusanya ibyuma byatoranyijwe.
Guhindura ibipimo mu gihe cyo gusudira ibyuma bitagira umugese
Ku bakora ibikoresho bahora bahindura ibipimo (voltage, amperage, arc uburebure, inductance, pulse width, nibindi) iyo basudira icyuma kitagira umugozi, ikibazo gikunze kubaho ni imiterere idahuye y’icyuma gishyirwamo. Bitewe n’akamaro ko gushyiramo ibintu mu buryo buvanze, ihindagurika ry’imiterere y’ibinyabutabire mu buryo bunyuranyije n’imiterere yabyo rishobora kugira ingaruka zigaragara ku mikorere yabyo, nko kuba amazi adahagije cyangwa koroshya kurekura slag. Ihindagurika ry’umurambararo wa electrode, isuku y’ubuso, icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma na helix nabyo bigira ingaruka ku mikorere ya GMAW na FCAW.
Kugenzura imvura ya karuboni mu cyuma kitagira umugese cya austenitic
Ku bushyuhe buri hagati ya dogere selisiyusi 426-871, ingano ya karuboni irenga 0.02% yimukira ku mbibi z'imiterere ya austenitic, aho ihura na chromium igakora karuboni ya chromium. Iyo chromium ifatanye na karuboni, ntabwo iba ihari kugira ngo irwanye ingese. Iyo ihuye n'ibidukikije byangiza, ingese hagati y'uduce duto iratera, bigatuma ingese zirya impande.
Kugira ngo ugenzure imvura ya karuboni, komeza ingano ya karuboni iri hasi uko bishoboka kose (0.04% ntarengwa) ukoresheje electrode nke za karuboni. Karuboni ishobora kandi guhuzwa na niobium (yahoze ari columbium) na titaniyumu, bifite imbaraga zikomeye kuri karuboni kurusha chromium. Electrode zo mu bwoko bwa 347 zikorerwa iyo ntego.
Uburyo bwo kwitegura ikiganiro ku bijyanye no guhitamo ibyuma byuzuza
Nibura, kusanya amakuru ku ikoreshwa ry’igice gishongeshejwe, harimo n’aho gikorerwa (cyane cyane ubushyuhe, guhura n’ibintu byangiza n’ingano y’ubudahangarwa bw’ingufu) hamwe n’igihe cyifuzwa cyo gukoreshwa. Amakuru ku miterere y’imashini ikenewe mu gihe cyo gukora arafasha cyane, harimo imbaraga, gukomera, ubushobozi bwo kugenda no kunanirwa.
Abenshi mu bakora electrode bakomeye batanga ibitabo by'ubuyobozi mu guhitamo ibyuma bicukurwa, kandi abanditsi ntibashobora gushimangira iyi ngingo cyane: reba ubuyobozi bw'ikoreshwa ry'ibyuma bicukurwa cyangwa uhamagare impuguke mu bya tekiniki by'uruganda. Barahari kugira ngo bagufashe guhitamo electrode ikwiye y'icyuma kitagira umugese.
Kugira ngo umenye byinshi ku byuma bicukura ibyuma bya TYUE kandi uhamagare impuguke z'ikigo kugira ngo ziguhe inama, jya kuri www.tyuelec.com.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-23-2022